The Science Behind Abstract Reasoning Tests

Abstract reasoning tests might seem like puzzles disconnected from real work—but they measure something crucial. Here's the science behind these assessments and why they matter.

What Abstract Reasoning Actually Measures

Abstract reasoning tests assess your "fluid intelligence"—the ability to think logically and solve novel problems without relying on previously acquired knowledge.

This is different from "crystallized intelligence," which represents accumulated knowledge and skills. While crystallized intelligence grows throughout life through education and experience, fluid intelligence represents raw problem-solving capacity.

The Neural Basis

Neuroscience research shows that abstract reasoning tasks activate:

• Prefrontal cortex: Executive function and working memory
• Parietal cortex: Spatial reasoning and pattern recognition
• Anterior cingulate cortex: Error detection and adaptation

These brain regions work together to identify patterns, test hypotheses, and adapt strategies—exactly what's needed for complex problem-solving in the workplace.

Types of Abstract Reasoning Questions

Matrix Reasoning

A grid of shapes with one cell empty. You must identify the pattern governing rows and columns to determine what belongs in the empty cell.

What it measures: Ability to identify multiple simultaneous rules and apply them systematically.

Sequence Completion

A series of figures that follow a pattern. You must determine what comes next.

What it measures: Pattern recognition and the ability to extrapolate trends.

Odd One Out

Several figures where one doesn't belong based on an underlying rule.

What it measures: Categorical thinking and the ability to identify defining characteristics.

Figure Analysis

Questions about how shapes would look when rotated, folded, or combined.

What it measures: Mental manipulation and spatial reasoning.

Why Employers Value Abstract Reasoning

Companies use abstract reasoning tests because they predict:

Problem-Solving Ability

Employees with strong abstract reasoning can:

• Approach unfamiliar problems systematically
• Identify underlying patterns in complex situations
• Develop novel solutions rather than relying solely on precedent

Learning Speed

High abstract reasoning correlates with faster acquisition of new skills—crucial in rapidly evolving industries.

Strategic Thinking

Abstract reasoning supports the ability to:

• See connections others miss
• Think several steps ahead
• Adapt strategies as situations change

Technical Aptitude

In engineering, programming, and scientific roles, abstract reasoning predicts success in:

• Algorithm design
• System architecture
• Debugging complex problems

The Research Evidence

Studies consistently show abstract reasoning predicts job performance:

• Meta-analysis finding: Abstract reasoning correlates 0.51 with job performance across occupations—a stronger relationship than most other predictors.
• Technical roles: Correlation increases to 0.58 in complex technical positions.
• Leadership positions: Abstract reasoning predicts effectiveness in novel situations leaders frequently face.

Can Abstract Reasoning Be Improved?

Short-term: Yes, Through Practice

Familiarity with question types improves performance by:

• Reducing time spent understanding what's being asked
• Building pattern recognition shortcuts
• Developing systematic approaches

Long-term: Partially

Some research suggests abstract reasoning can improve through:

• Working memory training
• Learning multiple problem-solving strategies
• Regular engagement with complex problems

However, improvements are modest compared to other cognitive skills.

Strategies for Abstract Reasoning Questions

1. Look for Multiple Patterns

Most questions involve more than one rule. Check:

• Shape changes
• Size changes
• Rotation
• Position
• Quantity
• Shading

2. Work Systematically

Don't jump to conclusions. Verify your hypothesis works for all examples before selecting an answer.

3. Consider What Stays the Same

Sometimes the key insight is recognizing what doesn't change across figures.

4. Use Process of Elimination

If you can't identify the pattern, eliminate answers that clearly violate observed rules.

5. Manage Your Time

Abstract reasoning questions often have similar difficulty. Don't spend disproportionate time on any single question.

The Bigger Picture

Abstract reasoning tests aren't arbitrary—they measure something fundamental about how you think. Strong abstract reasoning suggests you can:

• Handle complexity without getting overwhelmed
• Adapt to new challenges efficiently
• See solutions others might miss

While these abilities have genetic components, environment and practice matter too. Regular engagement with complex problems—whether through work, games, or deliberate practice—helps maintain and potentially improve your abstract reasoning capacity.

Understanding what these tests measure helps you approach them strategically and interpret your results meaningfully.